CBO estimates the costs of federal credit programs in 2026 in two ways—following procedures prescribed by the Federal Credit Reform Act and using a fair-value approach, which measures the market value of the government's obligations.
CBO examines the distribution of income—and of the means-tested transfers and federal taxes that affect it—from 1979 to 2022, placing particular emphasis on the distributions in 2022 and how they differed from those in 2019, 2020, and 2021.
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